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Data Structure Hash Function

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                                             });                                                                          A hash table          In computer science, a data structure is a particular way of organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. Data structures can implement one or more particular abstract data types (ADT), which are the means of specifying the contract of operations and their complexity. In comparison, a data structure is a concrete implementation of the contract provided by an ADT. Different kinds of data structures are suited to different kinds of applications, and some are highly specialized to specific tasks. For example, relational databases most commonly use B-tree indexes for data retrieval, while compiler implementations usually use hash tables to look up identifiers. Data structures provide a means to manage large amounts of data efficiently for uses such as large databases and internet indexing services. Us
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Digital preservation

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                                                            In library and archival science, digital preservation is a formal endeavor to ensure that digital information of continuing value remains accessible and usable. It involves planning, resource allocation, and application of preservation methods and technologies, and it combines policies, strategies and actions to ensure access to  reformatted and "born-digital " content, regardless of the challenges of media failure and technological change. The goal of digital preservation is the accurate rendering of authenticated content over time. According to the Harrod's Librarian Glossary , digital preservation is the method of keeping digital material alive so that they remain usable as technological advances render original hardware and software specification obsolete (Nabeela).      
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Cost Strategy Programs

Cost benefits        Digital formatting programs can be costly and have huge start-up costs, especially if done in-house. A hypothetical case study presented at the 2003 National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage (NINCH) Symposium quoted a small digitization project as costing $16,332, if outsourced to a vendor, or about $100,000 (to purchase software and hardware for an in-house program). It is worth these prices when one considers the long-term financial benefits of digital reformatting. A cost-benefit study presented by Lee (2001) found that it costs about $5.40 to digitize a 10-page article (with unlimited free duplicates), much less than the total accumulated cost of repeatedly duplicating the physical master with a photocopier. Function as a preservation strategy          Digital reformatting is not unanimously accepted as a viable, long-term preservation strategy. The  Association of Research Libraries recognized digitization as a viable preser
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Digital Reformatting

                      Digital reformatting is the process of converting analogue materials into a digital format as a surrogate of the original. The digital surrogates perform a preservation function by reducing or eliminating the use of the original. Digital reformatting is guided by established best practices to ensure that materials are being converted at the highest quality. Imaging Standards          The Library in Congress has been actively reformatting materials for its American Librery  project and developed best standards and practices pertaining to book handling during the digitization process, scanning resolutions, and preferred file formats. Some of these standards are: The use of ISO 16067-1 and ISO 16067-2 standards for resolution requirements. Recommended 400 ppi resolution for OCR ed printed text. The use of 24 bit color when color is an important attribute of a document. The use of the scanning device's maximum resolution for digita
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Information technology and access to networks

Technological standards         The Internet is a multi-layered network which is operated by a variety of participants. The Internet has come to mean a combination of standards, networks, and web applications (such as streaming and file-sharing ) that have accumulated around networking technology. The emergence of the Internet coincided with the growth of a new type of organizational structure, the standards committee. Standards committees are responsible for designing critical standards for the Internet such as TCP/IP , HTML , and CSS . These committees are composed of representatives from firms, academia, and non-profit organizations. Their goal is to make decisions that advance technology while retaining interoperability between Internet components. Economists are interested in how these organizational structures make decisions and whether those decisions are optimal. The supply of Internet access         The commercial supply of Internet access began when t
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Economics of Digitization

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                                                                                                         Economical View              The economics of digitization is the field of economics that studies how digitization affects markets and how digital data can be used to study economics. Digitization is the process by which technology lowers the costs of storing, sharing, and analyzing data. This process has changed how consumers behave, how industrial activity is organized, and how governments operate. The economics of digitization exists as a distinct field of economics for two reasons. First, new economic models are needed because many traditional assumptions about information no longer holder in a digitized world. Second, the new types of data generated by digitization require new methods to analyze.                  Research in the economics of digitization touches on several fields of economics including industrial organization, labor economics, and inte
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Newspaper Digitization

       The process of converting old newspapers which survive in analog form into digital images can be called newspaper digitization. The most common analog forms for old newspapers are paper and microfilm. Digitized images of newspaper pages are typically (though not always) analyzed with OCR software in order to produce text files of the newspaper content. Newspaper digitization is a special case of digitization in general.       Newspapers preserve a rich record of the past, and since the advent of digital media, many institutions across the world have began to digitize them and make the digital files publicly available. However, over 90% of newspapers remained unscanned in 2015. Digitized newspapers may be made available for free or for a fee. Several lists (noted below) try to catalog digitized newspapers worldwide.       Successful newspaper scanning is a complex activity. Although scanning from paper is possible, microfilm scanning is cheaper and g
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